INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE OF PREFECTURES IN JAPAN

Hiroyuki Matsuoka

Department of Management and Information Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui, Japan

ABSTRACT

I would like to highlight two local prefectures in Japan, Fukui prefecture and Toyama prefecture. I live in Fukui prefecture and it has Toyama as the neighbor. This research uses 2011 Input-Out Tables of Fukui and Toyama prefectures and examines "the index of power of dispersion" and "the index of sensitivity of dispersion" of each industry. It also gets the production inducement values by consumption, investment, and export (and outflow to other prefectures). With these values, we can compare the two prefectures’ industrial structure. The values of the index of power of dispersion show some different industries in higher ranked industries, which have bigger economic effect. Moreover, "Information and communications" industry is ranked at the seventh in Fukui and "Iron and Steel" industry has the eighth position in Toyama. On the other hand, the index of sensitivity of dispersion’s values indicate that the industries at higher rank have similarity though the rankings are somewhat different. In addition, "Finance and insurance" is ranked at the sixth in both Fukui and Toyama. "Real estate" industry has the seventh and the eighth position in Fukui and Toyama respectively. Seeing the inducement effect of export and outflow to other prefectures, Fukui’s "Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply" industry and Toyama’s "Chemical products" industry have outstanding values. Furthermore, two industries characterize Fukui and Toyama about the effect to employment. That is to say, the third ranked industries are "Textile mill products" and "Fabricated metal products" respectively. Fukui and Toyama are in the same area, we call Hokuriku. However, they don’t necessarily have the same industrial structure.

Keywords:Input-out table, Iindex of the power of dispersion, Index of the sensitivity of dispersion, Production inducement, Consumption, Investment, Export.

ARTICLE HISTORY: Received: 26 June 2017, Revised: 8 September 2017, Accepted: 18 October 2017, Published: 30 November 2017

Contribution/ Originality: The paper's primary contribution is finding that the index of power of dispersion shows some different industries in Fukui and Toyama. Seeing the production inducement effect, Fukui’s and Toyama’s first rank industries are "Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply" and "Chemical products" respectively.

1. INTRODUCTION

This article utilizes Input-Output Tables which interest us. They are very important and useful for the analysis of industrial structure and for economic forecasting. Ronald and Blair [1] indicate that Dr. Leontief developed Input-Output Tables in late 1930s. He won Nobel Prize in Economics for it in 1973. About this Input-Output Tables, "Leontief’s Inverse Matrix" is the most crucial tool, which is derived from Input-Output Tables, when calculating the various indexes related to industries. Using 2011 Input-Out Tables of Fukui and Toyama prefectures in Japan, which are the most recent version published in 2015, this research discussed "the index of power of dispersion" and "the index of sensitivity of dispersion" of each industry. Furthermore, it calculated the production inducement by consumption, investment, and export (and outflow to other prefectures), the ripple effect to value added, and the ripple effect to employment to compare the industrial structure of the two prefectures. About the following model and calculation method, see Sadao [2]; Leontief [3] and The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan [4].

2. INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS

2.1. Basic Model

To simplify, if a national economy is deemed to be comprised only of Industry 1 and Industry 2, the Basic Transaction Table may be as indicated in Table 1.

Table-1. Basic Transaction Table

 
Industy 1
Industy 2
Final demand
Import
Domestic production
Industy 1
x11 
x12
F1
-M1
X1
Industy 2
x21
x22
F2
-M2
X2
Gross value added
V1
V2
Domestic production
X1
X2

Source: The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan [5]

2.1. Modified Model

This model divides final demand (F) into domestic final demand (Fd) and export (E). It gives the following equation:

2.2. Index of Power of Dispersion

The figures in a column in the inverse matrix coefficient (11) indicate the productions required at every sector when the final demand for a sector (that is, demand for domestic production) increases by one unit. The vertical sum of a column indicates the scale of "production repercussions on entire industries", which is caused by one unit of the final demand for a sector. The vertical sum of a column of the inverse matrix coefficients is divided by the mean value of the vertical sum of columns to produce a ratio. This ratio indicates "the relative magnitudes of production repercussions on entire industries when the final demand for a sector increases by one unit." This is called the "Index of Power of Dispersion" (Shuntarou [6]).

2.3. Index of Sensitivity of Dispersion

The figures for a row in the inverse matrix coefficient (11) indicate the supplies required at a sector when one unit of the final demand for all sectors occurs respectively. The ratio produced by dividing the total (horizontal sum) by the mean value of the horizontal sum of rows will indicate the relative influences, that is to say, "the relative magnitudes of production inducement of a sector when one unit of the final demand for all sectors occurs". This is called the "Index of Sensitivity of Dispersion" (Shuntarou [6]).

3. RESULTS

3.1. Relationship between Power of Dispersion and Sensitivity of Dispersion

Figure-1.  Relationship between Power of Dispersion and Sensitivity of Dispersion

Source: Fukui Prefecture [7]; Toyama Prefecture [8]

Only "Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply" industry exceeds "1" concerning both the value of power of dispersion and the value of sensitivity of dispersion in Fukui (Figure 1, the first quadrant). On the other hand, "Government services ", "Medical and Social welfare services", "Chemical products", "Electronic parts", "Non-Ferrous metals " and "Production-use machinery "industries have lower values of both the power of dispersion and the sensitivity of dispersion (the third quadrant).

In Toyama, "Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply", "Non-Ferrous metals " and "Construction" exceed "1" regarding both the value of power of dispersion and the value of sensitivity of dispersion (the first quadrant). The values of "Government services ", "Medical and Social welfare services", "Chemical products", "Professional and business services", and "Production-use machinery "are lower than "1" concerning both the value of power of dispersion and the value of sensitivity of dispersion (the third quadrant). In particular, as we can see in the second quadrant, the positions of the two prefectures’ industries are similar.

Table-2. Index of power of dispersion

  1 2 3 4 5
Fukui Mining Petroleum and Coal Beverages and Food Water Office and Store fixtures
  1.2681 1.1504 1.1244 1.1145 1.1055
Toyama Mining Non-Ferrous metals Office and Store fixtures Water Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply
  1.1619 1.1286 1.1181 1.1048 1.0757
Japan Iron and Steel transportation equipment Office and Store fixtures fabricated   metal products Plastic and Rubber products
  1.4534 1.4468 1.3980 1.1192 1.1487

(continued)

  6 7 8 9 10
Fukui Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply Information and communications Personal services Pulp, paper and wood products Textile mill products
  1.0835 1.0586 1.0330 1.0246 1.0107
Toyama Electronic parts Miscellaneous manufacturing Iron and Steel Pulp, paper and wood products Other non-metallic mineral products
  1.0554 1.0524 1.0432 1.0402 1.0350
Japan Chemical products General –purpose production machinery Pulp, paper and wood products Electrical machinery Information and communication
  1.1477 1.1380 1.1367 1.1280 1.1213

Source: Fukui Prefecture [7]; Toyama Prefecture [8]; The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan [9]

Table 2 and 3 show the values of power of dispersion and the values of sensitivity of dispersion according to their height. As we can see in Table 2, about the power of dispersion, the second, the third, and the fifth rank are different from each other in the two prefectures. "Petroleum and Coal products" industry which is the second rank in Fukui is the sixteenth rank in Toyama. "Non-Ferrous metals" which is the second rank in Toyama is the twenty-seventh rank in Fukui. Moreover,

"Information and communications" industry is ranked at the seventh in Fukui and "Iron and Steel" industry has the eighth position in Toyama.
About the sensitivity of dispersion, the first and the second of the two prefectures are replaced each other. The difference between the first rank and second rank is smaller in Fukui compared to Toyama. As far as we see the higher rank industries, Fukui’s industries tend to be needed from other industries. Moreover, "Finance and insurance" is ranked at the sixth in both Fukui and Toyama. "Real estate" industry has the seventh and the eighth position in Fukui and Toyama respectively.

As shown in Table 2 and 3, about the whole country, "Iron and Steel" industry’s rank is the first and the second respectively. "Iron and Steel" industry of the two prefectures is not ranked at higher position, in particular, Fukui prefecture.

Table-3. Index of sensitivity of dispersion

  1 2 3 4 5
Fukui Transport and postal activities Professional and business services Commerce Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply Information and communications
  2.1647 2.1043 1.9889 1.4214 1.2847
Toyama Professional and business services Transport and postal activities Commerce Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply Information and communications
  2.1933 1.8078 1.7744 1.4117 1.2337
Japan Professional and business services Iron and Steel Commerce Transport and postal activities Chemical products
  2.6425 2.3394 2.1374 1.8497 1.4986

(continued)

  6 7 8 9 10
Fukui Finance and insurance Real estate Construction Education and Scientific research Public services
  1.2225 1.0928 1.0376 1.0000 0.9890
Toyama Finance and insurance Non-Ferrous metals Real estate Education and Scientific research Construction
  1.2229 1.1233 1.1164 1.0673 1.0532
Japan Information and communications Pulp, paper and wood products Electricity, Gas, Heat supply Petroleum and Coal Education and Scientific research
  1.3918 1.3270 1.2600 1.1710 1.1151

Source: Fukui Prefecture [7]; Toyama Prefecture [8]; The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan [9].

3.2. Domestic Production Induced by Final Demand

We can’t see the difference between the two prefectures when seeing the top rank industries about the inducement effects to production, value added, and employment by consumption and investment. Therefore, here I focus on outflow to other prefectures and export as final demand concerning the effect to production, value added and employment.

We can define "Production inducement coefficient" (PIC) by final demand item as the domestic products induced by individual final demand item (e.g. consumption) which is divided by the total for corresponding final demand (e.g. consumption). This indicates the rate of increase of domestic production of an industry by a final demand item for all industries divided by the "total" of a certain final demand item for all industries, which means per unit of a certain final demand item. That is to say, Production inducement coefficient is the per unit magnitude of "Production inducement" in an industry. In other words, the production ripple power of each final demand item (consumption, investment, and export) for an industry per unit of each final demand.

For example, an industry’s PIC of the consumption is:

Here, X` is the domestic products of an industry induced by the consumption for all industries. C is the total of consumption for all industries.

Table 4 shows production inducement amount (X` above, unit: million yen) by outflow and export. Moreover, the values of Table 5 are Production inducement coefficient by outflow and export. "Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply" is ranked as the first respectively in Fukui prefecture. Toyama’s the first rank industry is "Chemical products" in both Tables. "Electronic parts" is ranked at the second in Fukui and the forth in Toyama. "Non-Ferrous metals" has the second position in Toyama and the sixth in Fukui. Moreover, Japan’s top five industries fairly differ from the industries of Fukui and Toyama.

Table-4. Production inducement amount by outflow and export   (million yen)

  1 2 3 4 5
Fukui Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply Electronic parts Chemical products Textile mill products Commerce
  537,717 326,760 315,018 218,598 60,372
Toyama Chemical products Non-Ferrous metals Production machinery Electronic parts Commerce
  711,137 464,475 408,344 340,454 338,936
Japan Transportation equipment Iron and Steel Commerce Transport and postal activities Chemical products
  24,804,262 15,650,951 13,786,483 10,274,393 9,049,729

(continued)

     6 7 8 9 10
Fukui Non-Ferrous metals Professional and business services Transport and postal activities Rubber and plastics
product
Miscellaneous manufacturing
  138,005 125,968 109,440 99,811 98,257
Toyama Fabricated   metal products Transport and postal activities Iron and Steel Pulp, paper and wood products  Professional and business services
  275,688 214,595 212,853 186,848 169,767
Japan Professional and business services Electronic parts Production machinery Electrical machinery Non-Ferrous metals
  8,819215 8,776,209 7,001,764 6,281,151 5,067,127

Source: Fukui Prefecture [7]; Toyama Prefecture [8]; The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan [5]

Table.5. Production inducement effect by outflow and export (coefficient)

  1 2 3 4 5
Fukui Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply Electronic parts Chemical products Textile mill products Commerce
  0.2426 0.1474 0.1421 0.0986 0.0724
Toyama Chemical products Non-Ferrous metals Production machinery Electronic parts Commerce
  0.1993 0.1302 0.1144 0.0954 0.0950
Japan Transportation equipment Iron and Steel Commerce Transport and postal activities Chemical products
  0.3496 0.2206 0.1943 0.1448 0.1276

(continued)

  6 7 8 9 10
Fukui Non-Ferrous metals Professional and business services Transport and postal activities Rubber and plastics
product
Miscellaneous manufacturing
  0.0622 0.0568 0.0494 0.0450 0.0443
Toyama Fabricated   metal products Transport and postal activities Iron and Steel Pulp, paper and wood products  Professional and business services
  0.0773 0.0601 0.0597 0.0524 0.0476
Japan Professional and business services Electronic parts Production machinery Electrical machinery Non-Ferrous metals
  0.124 0.123 0.0987 0.0886 0.0714

Source: Fukui Prefecture [7]; Toyama Prefecture [8]; The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan [9].

3.3. Value Added Induced by Final Demand

Intermediate input and value added compose the domestic production of each sector as shown in Table 1, column. Final demand can generate not only domestic production but also value added because value added is a part of domestic production. Therefore, we can apply equation (17) above to final demand and value added in exactly the same manner. Seeing the inducement effect to value added amount by outflow and export, the first rank industry is "Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply" in Fukui, "Chemical products" in Toyama, and "Commerce" in Japan. Furthermore, "Chemical products" shows even bigger difference of value added between the two prefectures as shown in Table.6.

Table-6. Value added inducement effect by outflow and export (million yen)

  1 2 3 4 5
Fukui Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply Chemical products Electronic parts Commerce Textile mill products
  244,108 116,412 108,520 107,880 89,905
Toyama Chemical products Commerce Production machinery Professional and business services Electronic parts
  329,346 237,131 177,217 104,935 102,600
Japan Commerce Professional and business services Transport and postal activities Transportation equipment Education and Scienteific research
  9,437,620 5,412,867 5,166,075 4,945,624 3,033,463

(continued)

  6 7 8 9 10
Fukui Professional and business services Transport and postal activities Miscellaneous manufacturing Electrical machinery Rubber and plastics
product
  73,938 53,691 48,200 46,238 42,919
Toyama Fabricated   metal products Transport and postal activities Non-Ferrous metals Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply Education and Scienteific research
  101,837 97,402 93,216 86,766 80,761
Japan Iron and Steel Production machinery Electronic parts Chemical products Electrical machinery
  2,933,415 2,846,876 2,460,180 2,239,688 1,908,771

Source: Fukui Prefecture [7]; Toyama Prefecture [8]; The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan [9]

3.4. Employment Induced by Final Demand

The inducement effect to employment for an industry can be calculated as follows:
= (the number of employees in each industry / each industry’s domestic production) × production inducement for each industry.
= labor input coefficient in each industry × production inducement for each industry
The rate of the number of employees in each industry divided by each industry’s domestic production is called "labor input coefficient". When labor input coefficient matrix is L,

Here, L` is the inducement effect to employment. That is to say, this indicates the inducement effect to a sectors’ employment by each final demand.

When seeing the inducement effect to employment by outflow and export, "Commerce" has the first position in all three areas, Fukui, Toyama, and Japan. Moreover, "Agriculture, forestry and fisheries" is ranked at the second in Fukui and Toyama. Moreover, the eighth rank is "Pulp, paper and wood products" in Fukui and "Chemical products" industry in Toyama. The industries’ values of Fukui are generally smaller than those of Toyama. In particular, "Commerce" industry of Toyama even outnumbers that of Fukui and "Fabricated metal products" industry, too. However, "Textile mill products" industry’s value of Fukui is much bigger than that of Toyama.

Table-7. Employment inducement effect by outflow and export         (person)

  1 2 3 4 5
Fukui Commerce Agriculture, forestry and fisheries Textile mill products Professional and business services Miscellaneous manufacturing
  22,613 21,828 20,017 12,253 10,866
Toyama Commerce Agriculture, forestry and fisheries Fabricated   metal products Professional and business services Transport and postal activities
  46,352 32,152 22,753 19,312 18,306
Japan Commerce Professional and business services Transport and postal activities Transportation equipment Education and Scienteific research
  1,680,299 853,573 725,843 537,953 336,880

 (continued)

  6 7 8 9 10
Fukui Electronic parts Transport and postal activities Pulp, paper and wood products Rubber and plastics
product
Fabricated   metal products
  10,796 8,866 5,531 5,087 4,057
Toyama Personal services Production machinery Chemical products Electronic parts Rubber and plastics
product
  12,246 12,129 11,844 11,411 11,034
Japan Production machinery Fabricated   metal products Agriculture, forestry and fisheries Construction Information and
communications
  323,229 163,313 138,807 126,390 112,470

Source: Fukui Prefecture [7]; Toyama Prefecture [8]; The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan [9].

4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

This paper answers that the relationship between the two prefectures is about the same when  seeing each industry’s index of power of dispersion and index of sensitivity of dispersion. However, the values of the index of power of dispersion show some different industries in higher ranked industries, which have bigger economic effect. Moreover, "Information and communications" industry is ranked at the seventh in Fukui and "Iron and Steel" industry has the eighth position in Toyama. On the other hand, the index of sensitivity of dispersion’s values indicate that the industries at higher rank have similarity though the rankings are somewhat different. Furthermore, "Finance and insurance" is ranked at the sixth in both Fukui and Toyama. "Real estate" industry has the seventh and the eighth position in Fukui and Toyama respectively. Seeing the production inducement effect of export and outflow to other prefectures, "Electricity, Gas, and Heat supply" is ranked as the first in Fukui prefecture. Toyama’s the first rank industry is "Chemical products". They are outstanding. Japan’s top five industries fairly differ from the industries of Fukui and Toyama. Additionally, when seeing the effect to employment, "Commerce" has the first position in three areas, Fukui, Toyama, and Japan. However, "Commerce" industry of Toyama even outnumbers that of Fukui and "Fabricated metal products" industry, too. On the other hand, "Textile mill products" industry’s value of Fukui is much bigger than that of Toyama. Fukui and Toyama are in the same area, we call Hokuriku. However, they don’t necessarily have the same industrial structure. Finally, I would like to thank my laboratory undergraduate students, who helped me with calculating tables.

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.
Competing Interests: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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