THE REVENUE SHARING OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF RICE THROUGH "MAWAH" SYSTEM (RESEARCH IN KOTA BARO - ACEH BESAR)

Nelly1 --- Rahmi 2 --- Nurhayati3--- Mahdani Ibrahim4+

1,2Lecturer of Sersambi Mecca University Aceh, Indonesia

3Associate Professor of Economic College of Sabang, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

4Associate Professor of Syiah Kuala University of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The practice of "mawah" has been going on in Aceh since the 16th century, this practice continues to roll to this day. "Mawah" is a customary practice in agricultural activities, especially in the sharing of rice cultivation. “Mawah” practice has helped the lives of the poor in Aceh. This study aims to examine the success of the practice of profit sharing system (Mawah) in the life of farmers in the countryside. In addition it also examines the level of economic resilience of people with the system “mawah ".The sample consisted of 5 peasants and 3 paddy field owners. Methods of data collection by conducting interviews. Data analysis was done by qualitative method. Information obtained from interviews combined with the results that have been practiced, then taken conclusions. The results of the research found the practice of sharing of the system "Mawah" which has occurred in hereditary in Kota Baro, Regency of Aceh Besar. Besides, it also found the existence of economic resilience for people who practice "Mawah". In conclusion the practice of "Mawah" can protect them from the economic crisis.

Keywords:Mawah, landowner, Revenue sharing., Yield paddy, Economic resilience, Peasants

ARTICLE HISTORY: Received: 14 November 2017, Revised: 4 December 2017, Accepted: 12 December 2017, Published: 18 December 2017

1. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is known as an agrarian country where more than half of the population depends its livelihood on the agricultural sector, as the agricultural sector has been able to contribute to the livelihood of the Indonesian people and it is important in economic growth. In addition, the agricultural sector has also become a factor triggering the national economic growth, therefore, the agricultural sector until now still plays a role in the development of national economy Pane [1].

Farm land especially rice field is one of the planting place for the majority of Indonesian population who live in rural areas. Commodity of paddy is one of the commodities of cultivation. Rice is closely related to the needs of the people and can be used as a mean for survival. The increasing number of people causes the need for rice is increasing Nurhayati [2]. However, rice production tends to stagnate and even decline and the welfare conditions of farmers themselves also decline [2].

In rural farming arrangements, in general the land tenure system can be classified into ownership, rent, profit (profit share), and mortgage status. Status of property rights is land that is owned and owned by individuals or groups or institutions / organizations. Iko [3] argued that the status of lease, profitability (profit sharing), and pledge are forms of land tenure where there is transfer of rights from landowners to others. This institutional form has become part of the rural community order in which its existence is dynamic between space and time. So it is seen that land is the main production factor in agricultural business. In other words, the existence of the land can be cultivated as a foundation in the production of farming that can bring opportunity in employment and earnings (income).

The "Mawah" system is one of the common revenue sharing strategies adopted by communities in rural Aceh. This revenue sharing system through “mawah” is a mutually beneficial way and considered more dignified than the "Pawn" or "Rent" way. The author is interested to examine the system of "Mawah" which has been practiced for generations, especially in Kota Baro sub-district. The "Mawah" system can be said as one of the local wisdom practiced in reducing poverty in Aceh. Is there a "Mawah" system in agricultural business activities in Kota Baro-sub-district can benefit farmers and also landowners. The results of this study will be able to contribute knowledge to all of us.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. The Concept of Revenue Sharing According to the Law

The principle of justice and prosperity is a basic principle in land scarification in Indonesia. The principle has been regulated in Law Number 5 Year 1960 [4] Basic Regulation of Agrarian Principles. Article 16 states that land rights consist of: a. property rights, b. right of business, c. rights of use (of place), d. use rights, e. lease rights, f. land clearing rights, g. right to collect forest products, h. other rights not included in the above rights to be determined by law and temporary rights as mentioned in article 53 which read: temporary rights as referred to in article 16 paragraph (1) letter h, are liens, revenue sharing rights, riding rights and lease rights of agricultural lands are regulated to limit their properties that are contrary to this Law and the rights shall be abolished within a short period of time Purnami [5].

In Law Number. 2 of 1960 concerning Production Sharing Agreement (agricultural land) there is a regulation which regulates various matters concerning the agreement on the share of agricultural land. In Article 1 Paragraph (3) of Law Number 2 of 1960 concerning Production Sharing Agreement (agricultural land), that "revenue -sharing agreement is an agreement with any name held between the owner on one side and a person or legal entity on the other side" [6].

2.2. The Concept of Revenue Sharing in Islam

The principle of cooperation (agreement) which is widely known in Islamic Economy is the principle of revenue sharing. Agriculture as a field engaged in the real sector, also did not escape from the principle of revenue sharing cooperation. On the one hand, there are some people who own the land, but are unable to cultivate it. On the other hand, there are people who can afford to farm and garden, but have no farmland or plantation. So with the cooperation with the principle of revenue sharing, the two sides can make a system of mutually beneficial cooperation by empowering the farmland and the plantation. Islamic economic terms used for revenue-sharing cooperation in agriculture, including Muzara'ah (Harvest-Yield Profit Sharing) and Musaqah (Plantation Management Fee Based on Certain Portion of Yield) Abdullah [7]

2.3. The Concept of Revenue Sharing in Some Countries

Until now, the concept of revenue-sharing cooperation in agriculture is still practiced in various parts of the world and proven to increase work productivity. Not only by Muslim countries, cooperation with the revenue-sharing  principle is also applied in non-Muslim majority countries. The UK Government (UK) proposes two forms of revenue-sharing system as an alternative to the remuneration system, which is cash dividend (based on output) and revenue sharing in share ownership Poole and Jenkins [8]. In California, the revenue-sharing system is applied by agricultural companies to the management of farm workers with fair compensation Strochlic and Hamerschlag [9]. In Korea, implementation of the revenue-sharing system can increase the productivity of workers by 10%, better than the implementation of team incentives or stock ownership Koirala, et al. [10] and Dressler [11].

2.4. The Revenue Sharing Concept of Agricultural Product Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia

Farm-based farming management is also known in Indonesian culture with various titles such as maro (1: 1) and mertelu (1: 2) in Central Java, Nengah (1: 1) and Jejuron (1: 2) in Priangan, other names. In general, the agricultural production sharing agreement in Indonesia is regulated in Law no. 2 Year 1960 [3]. This Agreement was issued under the provisions of customary law in Indonesia and was motivated by the inability or absence of opportunity for the landowners to cultivate their own land, and the absence or lack of land owned by the tiller farmers and the willingness of farmers to obtain additional cultivation [7].

According to Abdullah [7] management of farming with the pattern of revenue-sharing need to be preserved because it is in line with the principles of sharia (muzara'ah, mukhabarah, and musaqah). In addition, various studies mention this system has been able to increase productivity and income farmers in justice. However, there are several things that need to be improved from the management of the farming system, especially regarding the assertion of rights and obligations of landowners and smallholders who need to be explained in agreement in writing, reporting to local government (Head of Sub-district), and announcement by the Village Head. It is also contained in Law no. 2 of 1960 as the objective of the issuance of the Revenue Sharing Law to provide legal certainty to the tiller farmers and to assert the rights and obligations for the farmers and the landowners [6].

3. RESEARCH METHODS

3.1. Technique of Data Collection

This study uses two types of data namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by conducting direct interviews with 4 farmland owners, 5 farmers, 3 community leaders, namely village head, tuhapeut (village supervisor), and sub-district head as the head of government of Kota Baro, Aceh Besar. It also uses questionnaires to obtain data in quantitative form. Secondary data is obtained through the documentation available at the village and sub-district government office, such as the size of the area, the number of farmers, the area of ​​agricultural land and so on, which is related to the research object.

3.2. Data Analysis

The method of data analysis used in this study is qualitative techniques that emphasize more on the analysis of inductive inference process and on the analysis of the dynamics of relationships between observed phenomena by holding scientific logic, and the emphasis is on an effort to answer research questions through formal ways of thinking and argumentative. The data collected through interviews, observations and seminars will be processed with qualitative descriptive approaches, aiming to describe the categories relevant to the objectives to be achieved in the study, thus giving birth to the perfect research output as the research aimed to achieve.

To analyse the data qualitatively, the researcher pursues several techniques which are: (1) to observe the social phenomenon in the research location, (2) to identify problems by checking the interview data and answer the questionnaire, (3) to categorize the information obtained, 4). To trace and explain categorization, (5) to describe categorization relationships, (6) to draw general conclusions.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Geographical Situation of Research Sites

Kuta Baro is one of the sub-districts located in Aceh Besar district of Aceh province, Indonesia. The area of ​​Aceh Besar is located on the line 5,050 - 5,750 North Latitude and 94.990 - 95.930 East Longitude.

Table-1. Area of sub-district according to villages and type of land use in Kota Baro Sub-district, 2016.

No Name of the Villages
Type of Use
Farmlan Non-Farmland Non-Agricultural Land Village
Area
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Gue
BabahJurong
Lambro Deyah
Lam Baed
KruengAnoi
Cot Masam
Cot Mancang
BuengBakjok
Cot Beut
UjongBlang
Seupeu
Lam Neuheun
Lam Puuk
LambroeBileu
LampohKeude
Cot Peutano
Cot Cut
Lam Glumpang
MeunasahBakTrieng
Lam Asan
Lamceu
Cot Preh
Puuk
Lam Seunong
Lam Trieng
Beurangong
Rabue
Deyah
Cucum
Cot Yang
28
43
14
34
13
22
81
69
158
129
16
34
7
10
0
20
111
7
22
5
36
105
180
98
71
17
148
90
27
22
0
0
0
0
0
7
15
27
78
73
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38
3
7
5
0
0
0
0
0
14
43
13
42
34
8
45
64
162
240
33
35
16
16
44
25
57
14
12
9
47
250
576
9
12
22
27
28
24
15
42
86
27
76
47
37
141
160
398
442
49
69
23
26
44
45
168
21
34
14
83
393
759
114
88
39
175
118
51
37
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Cot Raya
LampohTarom
Aron
Lam Roh
BakBuloh
Lam Raya
TumpokLampoh
LambunotTanoh
LambunotPaya
Lamteube Mon Ara
LamteubeGeupula
Lam Alu Cut
Lam Sabang
Lam Alue Raya
LeupungUleeAlue
LeupungMesjid
Cot Lamme
21
5
33
16
3
69
7
44
84
22
5
23
21
22
15
94
98
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
7
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
4
29
23
9
2
3
11
447
11
318
325
6
8
31
9
9
8
9
443
44
14
38
20
14
516
18
369
409
30
13
55
30
31
23
107
570
  Total
2.199 Ha
300 Ha
3.608 Ha
6.107 Ha

Source: Master File of Kota Baro Sub-district Office, 2017.

The area of ​​Aceh Besar is 2,903.50 km2, most of which is on land, and a small part of the archipelago. Approximately 10% of villages in Aceh Besar District are coastal villages,  Aceh  Besar  District consists of 23 Sub-districts, 68 Residences and 604 villages. Kota Baro sub-district consists of 5  Residences with 61,07 km² (6,107 Ha) sub-districts consisting of 47 villages, namely Bueng Cala with 10 villages, Leupung with 9 villages, Lamblang with 9 villages, Ateuk with villages 10, and Lamrabo there are 10 villages. and a small part of the archipelago. About 10% of villages in Aceh Besar District are coastal villages.

The area of Kuta Baro sub-district has a very wide land, and one of the land that is often used by the community is rice field. The yield of rice obtained by the community in the sub-district of Kuta Baro is very good, so it can be a source of community income. In general, the area of planting in Kuta Baro sub-district is 2,709 / Ha, with harvest area reaches 2,601 / ha and the total production reaches 17,427 / ton.

Table-2. Name of residences, Area and Number of Village in Kota Baro

Sub-district (as research sample)

No
Name of Residences
Area  (Km2)
Number of Village
1
Bung Cala
9,66
10
2
leupung
8,72
9
3
Lamblang
22,57
9
4
Ateuk
5,41
9
5
Lamrabo
14,70
10

Source: Master File of Kota Baro Sub-district Office, 2017

4.2. Characteristics of Population

Characteristics of population of Kuta Barosub-district shows that the number of male is 13,096, while female is 13,143 people. In this case it illustrates that the female population is more than male (see Table 3).

Table-3. Number of population according to the villages and gender in Kota Baro,

sub-district 2016.

No Name of Villages
Gender
Male
Female
Total
Sex Ratio
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Gue
BabahJurong
Lambro Deyah
Lam Baed
KruengAnoi
Cot Masam
Cot Mancang
BuengBakjok
Cot Beut
UjongBlang
Seupeu
Lam Neuheun
Lam Puuk
LambroeBileu
LampohKeude
Cot Peutano
Cot Cut
Lam Glumpang
MeunasahBakTrieng
Lam Asan
Lamceu
Cot Preh
Puuk
Lam Seunong
Lam Trieng
Beurangong
Rabue
Deyah
Cucum
Cot Yang
Cot Raya
LampohTarom
Aron
Lam Roh
BakBuloh
Lam Raya
TumpokLampoh
LambunotTanoh
LambunotPaya
Lamteube Mon Ara
LamteubeGeupula
Lam Alu Cut
Lam Sabang
Lam Alue Raya
LeupungUleeAlue
LeupungMesjid
Cot Lamme
248
687
250
444
568
197
263
354
260
296
315
191
147
979
354
222
416
151
170
306
545
458
236
273
171
201
297
276
374
349
288
245
84
54
109
260
138
72
175
106
168
304
363
227
182
134
189
221
677
243
467
549
188
280
377
267
288
340
204
165
702
427
225
410
154
191
287
535
491
248
270
187
191
293
295
393
367
311
246
87
52
112
270
149
72
206
107
167
346
354
242
164
138
188
469
1.364
493
911
1.117
385
543
731
527
584
655
395
312
1.681
781
447
826
305
361
593
1.080
949
484
543
358
392
590
571
767
716
599
491
171
106
221
530
287
144
381
213
335
650
717
469
346
272
377
112
101
103
95
103
105
94
94
97
103
93
94
89
139
83
99
101
98
89
107
102
93
95
101
91
105
101
94
95
95
93
100
97
104
97
96
93
100
85
99
101
88
103
94
111
97
101
  Total
13.096
13.143
26.239
100

Source: Master File of KotaBaro Sub-district Office, 2017

4.3. Agricultural Product Sharing Through "MAWAH" System

Distribution of rice cultivation between landowner and farmers (peasants) is generally carried out under the "Mawah" system. (the result of an interview with a farmer named Zubaidah). The name of Kuta Baro Sub-district Head is Sudirman who explained that the system of sharing with “Mawah” system has long been implemented in Kuta Baro Sub-district, it has become a system that is carried out for generations. The statement is reinforced by the results of Abdurrahman's research [12] which says that Mawahpractice has been practiced in Aceh since the 16th century, this practice continues until now. Mawah practice is very popular in Aceh, so by implementing the Mawahsystem, itis very helpful for the lives of the poor people.

According to Abdurrahman [12] "Mawah" is a part of Aceh's customary law and is consistent with the existing concept in the system of sharing in Islam that is Mudharabah. The concept of Mawah is also very rational in its distribution system, where the concept of Mawah gives a large portion to the tiller farmers (peasants) whose distribution system has a provision that is 50:50, or according to the agreement made between the tiller and the owner of the field where the agreement should not violate and harm the farmer .

4.4. Practice of Revenue Profit Sharing System in KotaBaro Sub-District

The practice of sharing of Mawah System in Kota Baro sub-district is carried out between the owner of the paddy field and the farmer (peasants). In the early stages for farmers who do not have rice fields ask the landowners to be granted permission to work on rice fields, sometimes there are also landowners who appoint a farmer to work on his own rice fields and this is done in kinship and friendship (Result of Interview).

The next stage both parties made an oral revenue-sharing agreement in accordance with the usual division of the "Mawah" system done by people of KotaB aro Sub-district (Hera: respondent of Cot Prehvillage). In Kota Baro Sub-district there are at least two categories of "mawah" of harvest between the owners of paddy fields and farmers. The first category is that if the paddy field is located close to the irrigation, the revenue sharing (Mawah) is 1: 3. The second category is that if the location of paddy fields is far from irrigation or in other words less strategic, the profit sharing (Mawah) 1: 4.

In addition, the benefits of the farmers (peasants) also depend on the season, there are seasons experienced by the farmers, the "rendengan" (rainy season) and "gadu" (dry season) seasons. If planting activities in accordance with the rainy season, in general, the yield is more rather than in the dry season. Therefore, in the rainy season, farmers are more profitable than in the dry season. Based on the results of interviews with the respondents, it is said that the revenue sharing of "mawah" system is done after the rice is harvested.

Physical form of sharing also depends on the agreement, there is in the form of rice calculated by (kg) there is also in the form of money in accordance with the price of rice after harvest. The practice of revenue sharing through “mawah” system among the population is considered a dignified way and contains pride value. Revenue sharing of "mawah" system is a local wisdom that needs to be maintained.

Figure-1. The Framework of Research Result

Source: Field interview results

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.  
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Contributors/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study.

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