INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS CRITERIA ON MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE
1Associate Professor Department of Logistics and Shipping Management, Kainan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
2,3Master of Department of Logistics and Shipping Management, Kainan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
ABSTRACT
Family disputes mean any disputes occurred among the family members. Family disputes normally being resolved by litigation or mediation as other alternatives. Researches depicted that, mediation is the worth consideration to resolve family disputes compared with litigation. Nevertheless, not all types of family disputes are appropriate to be mediated such as divorce with the history of domestic violence. This article is essentially aimed at reviewing on how family disputes are being resolved in Malaysia and how family disputes involving violence being mediate in Malaysia. The methods being adopted are doctrinal research. The finding of this research is to fill in the gap in the literature of the research on mediation in family disputes in Malaysia. Thus, this article concludes by suggesting for improvement of the mediation process and proposed new guidelines to screen for violence in the mediation process in order to resolve family disputes involving violence in Malaysia.
Keywords:Medicinal products for human use, Pharmaceutical product, Drug, Good distribution practice(GDP) Good manufacturing practice (GMP), International logistics service provider, Pharmaceutical industry Outsourcing client logistics satisfaction, International logistics criteria
ARTICLE HISTORY: Received:22 October 2018 Revised:15 November 2018 Accepted:24 December 2018Published:17 January 2019
1. INTRODUCTION
Current world’s population structure has an aging society to increase the demand for pharmaceutical product. The medical care for public health to enhance the quality of life and environmental issues such as sustainable development concerns as prompted the development of the biotech and pharmaceutical industry become more and more vigorous. Roy et al. (2009) stated that drug list available was not fully matching with the requirement of the population and demand estimation of the pharmaceutical items were not done scientifically quantity of medicinal products supplied was not in consonance with community needs. International logistics processes been difficult to meet the raw material medicines traders demand due to the global demand for medicinal products for human use concept of quality continued to improve its pharmaceutical quality control has been extended to expand the distribution so the concept of the international logistics provider should follow sophisticated more in line with the pharmaceutical industry to provide the desired logistics service and the need to ensure the quality of pharmaceutical product. Under the trend of globalization of markets increasingly active drugs which for international quality management system has been gradually extended from the manufacturing side to marketing side in order to strengthen the management and control of the medicinal products distribution chain. Since 2013 Taiwan is ahead of Japan, South Korea became a member of the PIC/S (The pharmaceutical inspection co-operation scheme), and will fully complete the implementation of the PIC/S in 2015. Medicinal products specification for good distribution practice (herein stated GDP) continued the spirit of good manufacturing practice (herein stated GMP) quality management. The world GDP specifications management attention to ensure delivery of all patient’s drugs, in manufacture, storage, transport, and distribution process are consistent with quality assurance. Therefore, Taiwan ministry of health and welfare starting 2011 commission a plan to delegate plans progressively promoting GMP/GDP management system, in order to feel free to international logistics criteria and more robust supply chain quality management.
Lai (2004) draw resource-based view of the logistics outsourcing firms exist different types of logistics service providers and criteria. Medicinal products logistics is very complexity involved in the process by air, sea, land transport and its vulnerability to the impact of the quality of the external environment or human error, such as pharmaceutical product failing storage conditions stored in the correct warehouse, warehouse or transport vehicle temperature and humidity monitoring failure, pharmaceutical packaging damaged during transport, are not arrived at a reasonable time and so many uncertainties in order to prevent and avoid the occurrence of abnormal events, during transport monitoring becomes extremely important, responsible for the transport and distribution of the transport industry plays key role, providing the logistics industry under the terms of the delivery of drugs to follow the criteria of the operation and monitoring, can achieve commitment to customer service, goods exporters can also ensure the stability of the quality of pharmaceutical product. The outsourcing of logistics activities can help increase the efficiency and effectiveness of a company’s logistics functions on large-scale enterprises are moving towards multinational production to best allocate resources, by division of production and marketing using global logistics (Meng, 2014
). The International logistics providers are mainly charged to cargo logistics outsourcing manager, then in its own name and the actual delivery of goods who signed a contract of carriage, the carrier makes the delivery of goods to the consumer or the specified destination such as inland trucking arrangements, documentation, booking space, customs clearance, insurance, visas, production permit, warehousing, payment guarantee, etc. Different drugs during transport or storage for temperature, monitor humidity, the national customs operations in the development of customized criteria for pharmaceutical logistics of another set. Chikumba (2009
) proved that geographic information system can help health and medicinal products logistics officers to get additional spatial information, such as locations of health facilities and environmental factors and computerized to monitor the flow of medicinal products from a warehouse to health service delivery points and determine understocked or overstocked products at each health facility. This study according to the transportation process in different regions to climate change, the special considerations of long-range transport vehicle on land, sea, and air shipment. Through this study, literature review GDP and GMP criteria, service criteria screened out the first stage, the Delphi method to implement the survey, by the opinions of experts who reviewed the repeated exchange, to achieve consistency of service criteria opinions.
2. GOOD DISTRIBUTION PRACTICE, GDP
The concept of pharmaceutical quality continued to improve, quality control from production to sales surface extending surface, the medicinal products quality management covers the entire life cycle of drugs of GDP came into being. Drugs are many external factors that can affect the quality of drugs, based on this factor in international pharmaceutical inspection treaty organization in the distribution process. Over 120 participating countries for common GDP of wholesale distributors of risk management, inspection, inspectors found counterfeit drugs in discussions, etc. Table 1 shown good distribution practices scope implementation parties.
Table-1. GDP and scope of the implementation parties
Country |
Time |
Suppliers |
WHO |
2015 |
manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, distributors, wholesalers, traders, transport companies, transport operators |
EU |
2015 |
manufacturers, dealers, distributors, wholesalers |
Singapore |
2016 |
manufacturers, distributors, traders, distributors, dealers |
Malaysia |
2015 |
manufacturers, importers, wholesalers |
Canada |
2015 |
manufacturers, packagers, the label suppliers, inspectors, distributors, importers, wholesalers |
United States |
2017 |
manufacturers, pharmacies, distributors, importers and exporters, wholesale distributors, logistics providers |
Source: Taiwan Generic Pharmaceutical Association (2017)
World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 and the promulgation of GDP, in other countries or organizations have reference to the provisions, then according to their national laws, industrial development and operating environment to develop criteria for GDP. WHO and other countries of the criteria content shown in table 2 selected countries within the table to be formally admitted to the international pharmaceutical inspection treaty organization of the main members.
Table-2. GDP WHO, EU and Taiwan common criteria
| WHO (2017) |
Taiwan | EU 2017 |
| 1 Introduction | 1 Scope | 1Quality |
| 2 File scope | 2 Quality system | 2 Personnel service |
| 3 Definitions | 3 Personal | 3 Workplaces |
| 4 General Principles | 4 Document | 4 Document |
| 5Medicinal products for human use distribution regulations | 5 Premise and equipment | 5 Jobs |
| 6 Organization and management | 6 Operation | 6 Complain |
| 7 Persons | 7 Returns, Complaint, and recalls | 7 Outsourcing jobs |
| 8 Quality Systems | 8 Self inspection | 8 Self Check |
| 9 Workplaces, warehousing and storage operations | 9 Transport | |
| 10 Vehicles and equipment | 10 Final provisions | |
| 11 Container and labels | ||
| 12 Sending and receiving | ||
| 13 Transport | ||
| 14 Files | ||
| 15 Repackaging and relabeling | ||
| 16 Customer complaints | ||
| 17 Recall | ||
| 18 Product Return | ||
| 19 Imports | ||
| 20 Contract activities | ||
| 21 Self-Audit |
Source: this study
There is no particular distribution’s GDP for active pharmaceutical ingredients(API) specifications, the manufacturer’s criteria for API GMP part II / ICH Q7 guideline covers only a part of GDP. European commission as the first binding document, specifications and scope of GDP on drug internationally shown in table 3.
Table-3. API GDP implementation of contents
| EU 2013 | World Health Organization (2013 |
IPEC Europe (2018) |
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Committee (2014) |
| 1 Scope | 1 Introduction | 1Quality | 1 quality system |
| 2 Quality System | 2 General considerations | 2organizational and personnel | 2 organizational and personnel |
| 3 Personnel | 3 Definitions | 3 workplace | 3 workplace |
| 4 File Management | 4 Quality Management | 4warehousing and storage operations | 4 warehousing and storage operations |
| 5 Regulations | 5organizational, personnel | 5 device | 5 device |
| 6 Program | 6 workplaces | 6 File Management | 6 File Management |
| 7 records | 7Storage, warehousing | 7repackaging and relabeling | 7repackaging and relabeling |
| 8workplaces, equipment | 8 File Management | 8customer complaints | 8customer complaints |
| 9 receives | 9 repackaging, relabeling | 9 recall | 9 recall |
| 10 Storage | 10 customer complaints | 10 Product Return | 10 Product Return |
| 11 Transport | 11 Recall | 11 unqualified products processing 12 shipping | 11unqualified products processing |
| 12 Information transfer | 12 Product Return | 13 contract activities | 12 shipping |
| 13 Product Return | 13 Unqualified products | ||
| 14 customer complaints and recalls | 14 shipping | ||
| 15 Self-Audit | 15 contract activities |
Source: IPEC Europe (2018); The European Commission (2013
); WHO (2013
); APIC (2014
) this study
Table 4 shown the content and scope of the implementation on pharmaceuticals GDP news transmission and substandard goods processing operations, other pharmaceuticals and GDP is roughly the identical content rules (APIC, 2014).
Table-4. Content and scope of the implementation
Organization |
|
WHO |
Specification applies to pharmaceutical sales starting at the company until all aspects of personnel and the final consumer, including all participants, such as pharmaceutical manufacturers and wholesalers, as well as brokers, suppliers, vendors in the medicinal products trade and the sales process logistics companies, transportation companies and transportation agencies and their employees. Staff of government agencies, regulatory bodies, international procurement agencies, donor agencies, certification bodies and other relevant agencies should consider the relevant sections of the specification. |
EU |
Distribution means comprising procurement, import, storage, supply or export activities. |
IPEC |
Applies to all steps of the supply chain and distribution |
APIC |
Distribution means comprising procurement, import, storage, supply or distribution of export activity or a sender refers to the business or part of the transmission, such as (re) processors, (re) packer, transport and warehousing company, contract agents, brokers, traders, other than the original manufacturer’s suppliers. |
Source: IPEC Europe (2018); TEC (2013
); WHO (2013
); APIC (2014
) this study
WHO, EU, China, Singapore, Malaysia, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States have developed an excellent marketing norms medicinal products regulations to ensure that drugs in transit storage, transport and distribution of drugs can maintain quality and protect the public pharmaceutical safety. WHO countries in the world began to pay attention to GDP its purpose is to make sure that the medicinal products quality and package integrity to be maintained, medicinal products for human use from the process stream after leaving the factory, each stage has risks, shipping industry criteria to follow GDP goods transportation, so the person can reduce damage and things caused, even if there is an abnormal event occurs, can follow GDP documented traceability links in question and effective damage control, function and value of GDP lies in avoiding abnormal occur, can be traced back flow of drugs and effective control abnormal situation further expansion.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
3.1. Delphi Method
This study applied Delphi methods to establish the criteria for the logistics outsourcing managers in pharmaceutical industry. Since pharmaceutical industry has been less research and explore outsourcing in logistics managers of logistics service criteria, this study uses Delphi methods to understand the operation of the industry case mode, construct a suitable logistics service standard this case company, the research methods will be divided into four sections described below. First, the data collection specification is currently relevant international health organizations have been enacted, such as the WHO, PIC/S, EU, Taiwan, as well as by the relevant literature, periodicals, expert opinions, books, government regulations, etc., and many collect information will be classified information, organize, develop a selection process. The study will design a questionnaire Delphi method to establish the selection procedures for literature search, expert-depth interviews, and GDP norm design of the first phase of the questionnaire, semi-open structure questionnaire distributed to fill the expert, analyzed by finishing the first phase of the returned questionnaires, the aggregate of the expert opinions, the modifications or additions in the second stage questionnaires, structured questionnaire survey conducted in the second phase. If consensus cannot be reached, according to the results of the questionnaire again after finishing the analysis, and then proceed to revise the questionnaire survey of the third phase.
3.2. Questionnaire Design
The medicinal products GDP gather relevant job specification is currently the world health organization has been enacted and EU gathering information will be classified information, organize, develop selection criteria. Delphi method to integrate the views of groups of experts to seek logistics service standards for the industry and Delphi method selection panel members and senior management executives of the company will be the case, the senior professionals, industry experts contract group list, through the perspective of different levels of workers to view logistics service standards. In this study, three indicators taken in the establishment of a list of experts and the participation of expert willingness, expertise and diverse representation. Reliability and validity of expertise and diverse representation of the results in the questionnaire can improve the recovery rate of Dalkey (1969) that when a member of the experts. Delphi method at least 10 experts can be reduced to a minimum error. Therefore, this case study from the company, with industry experts selected 10 members of the expert group.
3.3. Delphi Questionnaire Implementation
The academics and industry experts, and experts aggregated comments to provide the logistics industry service criteria, the consensus. The first step, experts and professors to discuss and determine the number of candidates and the expert group includes pharmaceutical industry, academia advanced in related fields. The main criteria of providing increased logistics service for the preliminary. One expert from air freight forwarder. One professor from university. One sales executive from the pharmaceutical company. In this study (GDP, 2018)(Guide on the principals of good distribution practice of active substances for medicinal products for human use) (PI 041-7) and previous studies established on medicinal products criteria on logistics service provider were divided into eight factors and 56 criteria, as shown in Table 5.
4. RESEARCH RESULTS
4.1. Initial analysis
The first stage of the investigation to review the validity of the questionnaire. The first phase three questionnaire issued and returned.
Table-5. Medicinal products logistics service criteria
Factors |
Logistics service criteria | References |
Quality |
Ensure the consistency of drug delivery | IPEC Europe (2018) |
| Ensure packaging integrity | GDP (2018) |
|
| Ensure that the drug is stored in an appropriate place | GDP (2018) |
|
| Ensure the delivery is zero error | WHO (2013) |
|
| Ensure the correctness of transport related documents | GDP (2018) |
|
| Drugs can ensure timely completion of customs clearance procedures | IPEC Europe (2018) |
|
| Provide professional and quality service personnel | WHO (2011) |
|
Freight |
Offer competitive prices | WHO (2011) |
| Flexible negotiation of freight | WHO (2011) |
|
| Proactive notification freight ups and downs trend for managers to make appropriate arrangements for shipping | Meng (2014) |
|
Service |
Providing exclusive service window | Meng et al. (2010) |
| Fast processing and response to emergency cases | IPEC Europe (2018) |
|
| Speedy processing of claims | APIC (2014) |
|
| Still in accordance with the commitments agreed to make arrangements when faced with unexpected volume | Meng et al. (2010) |
|
| Service can be flexible to meet customer needs and time | IPEC Europe (2018) |
|
| Handling customer complaints and assist in the investigation of cases of customer complaints | Meng et al. (2010) |
|
| From time to time provide new or changed regulations ordinance | Meng (2014) |
|
| Establish global locations, able to quickly deal with matters related to arrival of goods at destination | Meng et al. (2010) |
|
| Provide climate and packing group advisory services, such as local climate conditions and on packaging and storage recommendations | Meng et al. (2010) |
|
Delivery |
Ensure drug safety and on-time delivery | IPEC Europe (2018) |
| Delivery of real-time tracking and response | IPEC Europe (2018) |
|
| During the peak season to ensure that accommodation provided without problems | GDP (2018) |
|
| Deviation in the course of delivery conditions immediately report | GDP (2018 |
|
| Deviation event review and corrective action plan to provide transport services | GDP (2018) |
|
| Refrigerated or other temperature-controlled goods to be transported should be provision of process temperature log | GDP (2018) |
|
| Providing the best delivery route planning | Meng et al. (2010) |
|
| Assistance and coordination with the shipping validation activity plan | GDP (2018) |
Document and human resources |
Drug delivery processes files need to be saved properly and could date back | GDP (2018) |
| GDP/GMP specification of compliance document management, file have to be kept for more than 7 years | GDP (2018) |
|
| Delivery of relevant documents should be made immediately and get back | Meng et al. (2010) |
|
| Sufficient manpower, so that the various services are not interrupted | GDP (2018) |
|
Equipment |
Provides reliable transport vehicles, transport vehicles as box-shaped and lockable control | GDP (2018) |
| Refrigerated transport and storage are required to undergo efficient validation | GDP (2018 |
|
| Refrigerated vehicle temperature monitoring devices and alerting devices | GDP (2018) |
|
| Specification for transport vehicle, regular maintenance | GDP (2018) |
|
| Refrigerated transport vehicles are periodic calibrated | GDP (2018) |
|
| Temperature warehouse are periodic calibrated | GDP (2018) |
|
| Transportation vehicles cleaning procedures | GDP (2018) |
|
| Ensure that storage of the workplace environment is clean | GDP (2018) |
|
Technology |
With exception handling capabilities | GDP (2018) |
| Provide written procedures for processing jobs abnormal conditions | GDP (2018) |
|
| With a dangerous goods expertise and skills in handling | GDP (2018) |
|
| Expertise in High potency / High Toxicity drugs | GDP (2018) |
|
| Emerging-market delivery route planning | GDP (2018) |
|
| Transport capacity for risk assessment | GDP (2018) |
|
| Drug storage conditions and other transport-related GMP/GDP of knowledge | (GDP, 2018) |
|
| Reverse logistics capacity, able to handle rejection and recalls of pharmaceutical products | GDP (2018) |
|
Certification and training |
Workers receive the necessary GMP / GDP Training and regular training | APIC (2014) |
| Acquired Partners in Protection (PIP) Certification | APIC (2014) |
|
| Obtain United States Business Coalition against terrorism (C-TPAT) certification | IPEC Europe (2018) |
|
| Obtain Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) certification | IPEC Europe (2018) |
|
| Drug distribution has excellent specification (GDP) Blue-chip vendors | IPEC Europe (2018) |
|
| Have a safe handling of dangerous goods training certificate | Meng (2014) |
|
| Public transport of dangerous goods have professional staff training certificate | Meng (2014) |
|
| Workers should receive High potency/Toxicity drug safety training | WHO (2013) |
|
| Obtain air freight forwarders license, corporate license, the business registration certificate | Meng et al. (2010) |
Source: this study
Table-6. First phase of three experts’ comments and suggestions
| Logistics service criteria | Expert number |
Comments and suggestions |
| Proactively notify freight change trend for managers to make appropriate arrangements for shipping | 1 |
Shipment changes, vulnerability factors of the environment contain, the trend is not easy to estimate, unrealistic, suggested deleting |
| Proactively notify freight change trend for managers to make appropriate arrangements for shipping | 2 |
Shipment changes, in fact, is not easy to forecast trends |
| Adequate staffing, so that the service is not interrupted | 1 |
Air cargo logistics industry as a service industry, this is the basic service requirements, without the inclusion |
| Adequate staffing, so that the service is not interrupted | 2 |
Air cargo logistics industry as a service industry, this is the basic service requirements |
| Dealt promptly and respond to emergencies | 1 |
The basic service does not require special consideration |
| Dealt promptly and respond to emergencies | 2 |
Basic service |
| Airfreight forwarders have a license, company license, business registration certificate | 1 |
Opening a company must have licenses, no need to list them |
| Airfreight forwarders have a license, company license, business registration certificate | 2 |
Necessary basic business license |
| Airfreight forwarders have a license, company license, business registration certificate | 3 |
Opening a company must have licenses, no need to list them |
| With exception handling capabilities | 1 |
Suggested merging to provide written procedures for processing jobs abnormal conditions |
| With exception handling capabilities | 2 |
Suggested merging |
| With exception handling capabilities | 3 |
merging to provide written procedures for processing jobs abnormal conditions |
| Service can be flexible to meet customer needs and time | 1 |
To meet customer demand for the most basic service attitude, no need to be included |
| Service can be flexible to meet customer needs and time | 2 |
Basic service attitude |
| Provide professional and quality service personnel | 1 |
The most basic services in logistics industry, no need to be included |
| Provide professional and quality service personnel | 2 |
Basic service, no need to be included |
| Provide professional and quality service personnel | 3 |
The most basic services in logistics industry, no need to be included |
| Transport related documents should be made immediately and retrieved | 1 |
Basic service, no need to be included |
| Transport related documents should be made immediately and retrieved | 2 |
Basic service |
| Ensuring the delivery of zero mistakes delivery | 1 |
The most basic services in logistics industry, no need to be included |
| Ensuring the delivery of zero mistakes delivery | 2 |
Basic services, advice on contract constraints |
| The process of document delivery of medicine need to be stored properly and available dates back | 1 |
Files transported by air mail will be retained for 2 years, no need to be included |
| The process of document delivery of medicine need to be stored properly and available dates back | 2 |
Files transported by air mail will be retained for 2 years, no need to be included |
| Ensure drug safety and on-time delivery destination | 1 |
Deliver to destination on time |
| Ensure drug safety and on-time delivery destination | 2 |
Change to deliver to destination on time |
| Customer complaints handling customer complaints and assist in the investigation of cases | 1 |
To handle customer complaints quickly |
| Customer complaints handling customer complaints and assist in the investigation of cases | 2 |
Handle customer complaints quickly |
| Customer complaints handling customer complaints and assist in the investigation of cases | 3 |
Amended to deal with customer complaints quickly |
| According to the contract agreed to make arrangements when faced with unexpected shipments | 1 |
Able to arrange accommodation for the face of the sudden increase in shipments |
| According to the contract agreed to make arrangements when faced with unexpected shipments | 2 |
Able to arrange accommodation for the face of the sudden increase in shipments |
| According to the contract agreed to make arrangements when faced with unexpected shipments | 3 |
Able to arrange accommodation for the face of the sudden increase in shipments |
| Deviation from the event to review and provide a shipping corrective action plan | 1 |
Delay event and provide a remedy |
| Deviation from the event to review and provide a shipping corrective action plan | 2 |
Delay event and provide a remedy |
| Provide written procedures for processing jobs abnormal conditions | 1 |
Provide written procedures for emergency processing jobs |
| Provide written procedures for processing jobs abnormal conditions | 2 |
Providing emergency contingency processing operations written procedures |
| Providing climate and packing group counseling services, such as local climatic conditions, and give advice on the packaging and storage | 1 |
Provide climate and packing consulting services |
| Providing climate and packing group counseling services, such as local climatic conditions, and give advice on the packaging and storage | 2 |
Provide climate and packing consulting services |
| Immediately report transit process deviation | 1 |
Immediately report transit process deviation |
| Immediately report transit process deviation | 2 |
Immediately report transit process deviation |
| Flexible negotiation of freight | 1 |
Shipment bargaining flexible |
| By setting up global service base, we can quickly deal with matters related to cargo arrival destinations | 1 |
By setting up a global service locations |
| By setting up global service base, we can quickly deal with matters related to cargo arrival destinations | 2 |
By setting up a global service locations |
| Ensure the integrity of pharmaceutical packaging | 1 |
Pharmaceutical packaging integrity |
| Ensure the integrity of pharmaceutical packaging | 2 |
Pharmaceutical packaging integrity |
| Drugs can ensure consistency of delivery | 1 |
Drugs can deliver the consistency |
| Drugs can ensure consistency of delivery | 2 |
Drugs can deliver the consistency |
| Drugs can ensure timely completion of customs clearance procedures | 1 |
Drugs on time to complete clearance procedures |
| Drugs can ensure timely completion of customs clearance procedures | 2 |
Drugs on time to complete clearance procedures |
| To ensure that the drugs are stored in the appropriate place | 1 |
Drugs are stored at room temperature location |
| To ensure that the drugs are stored in the appropriate place | 2 |
Drugs are stored at room temperature location |
| Refrigerated transport or other product should provide the temperature control of the temperature record | 2 |
Adjusted to file facets |
| Refrigerated transport or other product should provide the temperature control of the temperature record | 3 |
Add to document management facets |
| Assist with the implementation and delivery of efficiency programs to verify the correct | 2 |
Adjustments to the equipment facets |
| Assist with the implementation and delivery of efficiency programs to verify the correct | 3 |
Add to equipment facets |
Source: this study
The questionnaires were recovery expert review members proposed to delete, modify, adjust the comments archive as shown in Table 6 shows the results of the first stage of three experts’ comments and suggestions collated as the second phase of the survey questionnaire.
Remove a total of 11 criteria, including change initiative shipment trends notification for managers to make appropriate arrangements for the shipment has 2 experts believe that freight changes, in fact, not easy to do trend estimates, proposed to delete; other criteria to remove items belonging to the experts believe that the most basic of the international logistics services and service attitude, and the international logistics industry a fully competitive market, all with a full range of logistics service and to meet the spirit and the fulfillment of the needs of the industry, it should not be included in consideration of logistics service criteria were deleted on the basis of a vote frequency 2 times. Adjust two criteria of refrigerated transport or other temperature control products should provide the recorded temperature fortune and assist with the implementation and verification ensure efficient transport plan. Two expert advice adjusted to document management and device dimensions, more in line with the actual situation, and therefore two logistics service criteria within the exclusive needs of the pharmaceutical industry. Two logistics service criteria were proposed adjustments were each recommendation 2 times, the opinions of experts who have reviewed converge. Wherein an expert reviewer proposed to simplify the eight factors to international logistics service provider criteria and manager of logistics outsourcing customized services criteria will then survey the second stage, so expert reviewers’ viewpoints and then express their views. Three expert reviewers all agreed to simplify factors and questionnaire in the next phase of its criteria will be changed to international logistics provider criteria and drug logistics outsourcing client satisfaction.
4.2. The Criteria Degree of Importance and Satisfaction Analysis
The third phase of both criteria degrees of importance and satisfaction which evaluated by pharmaceutical industry logistics outsourcing client satisfaction analysis, and data were analyzed and aggregated, if necessary, as the main basis for the next phase of the questionnaire. There are 19 criteria evaluated by the expert members of the importance and satisfaction criteria project evaluation results are shown in Table 7 and 8.
Table 9 shows 13 importance criteria for the mean degree of greater than 4.5 and the rest of the criteria are also of importance and expert panel are considered 19 criteria are important. The 13 logistics service satisfaction items reached its satisfied; there are six criteria for their logistics service satisfaction to provide the competitive price, shipment deliberations of elasticity, customer complaint quickly add or change from time to time to provide the relevant laws and regulations, transport situation and respond to real-time tracking, delay event and provide a remedy.
On table 9 of standard deviation of criteria its importance less than 1, indicating a small degree views discrete expert group. The standard deviation of all logistics service satisfaction is less than 1, indicating a small degree views discrete expert group members. The level of importance of the criteria quartile deviation are less than 0.6, the display between the views of the panel members are highly consensus. The logistics service satisfaction quartile deviation less than 0.6, the display between the views of the panel are highly consensus.
Table-7. Importance degree of international logistics provider
Item e |
Guidelines Name | Frequency distribution |
Majority |
Average |
Standard deviation |
Quartile deviation |
||||
5 Points |
4 Points |
3 Points |
2 Points |
1 Points |
||||||
1 |
Consistency of Delivery | 6 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.6 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
2 |
Pharmaceutical packaging integrity | 8 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.8 |
0.42 |
0 |
3 |
Drugs are stored at room temperature | 8 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.8 |
0.42 |
0 |
4 |
The correctness of the delivery of relevant documents | 8 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.8 |
0.42 |
0 |
5 |
Drug clearance procedures can be completed on time | 5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.5 |
0.53 |
0.5 |
6 |
Provide competitive prices | 1 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.9 |
0.57 |
0 |
7 |
Flexible negotiation of freight | 1 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.9 |
0.57 |
0 |
8 |
Provide exclusive service window | 3 |
6 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.2 |
0.63 |
0.38 |
9 |
When faced with a sudden increase in volume can arrange accommodation | 5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.5 |
0.53 |
0.5 |
10 |
Complaints dealt with promptly | 6 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.6 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
11 |
From time to time provide new or changed regulations ordinance | 2 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.8 |
0.79 |
0.5 |
12 |
Establish global locations | 2 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
0.67 |
0 |
13 |
Provide climate and packing consultancy services | 2 |
7 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.1 |
0.57 |
0 |
14 |
On time delivery | 6 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.6 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
15 |
Delivery of real-time tracking and response | 6 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.6 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
16 |
During the peak season to ensure that accommodation provided without problems | 6 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.6 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
17 |
When the delivery is delayed will report immediately | 5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.5 |
0.53 |
0.5 |
18 |
When delayed will provide a back-up plan | 5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.5 |
0.53 |
0.5 |
19 |
Providing the best delivery route planning | 6 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.6 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
Source: this study
Table-8. Satisfaction degree by medicinal products logistics outsourcing client
Item |
Guidelines Name | Frequency distribution |
Majority |
Average |
Standard deviation |
Quartile deviation |
||||
5 Points |
4 Points |
3 Points |
2 Points |
1 Points |
||||||
1 |
Consistency of Delivery | 1 |
8 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
0.47 |
0 |
2 |
Pharmaceutical packaging integrity | 0 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.8 |
0.42 |
0 |
3 |
Drugs are stored at room temperature | 1 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
3.7 |
0.82 |
0.38 |
4 |
The correctness of the delivery of relevant documents | 2 |
5 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.9 |
0.74 |
0.38 |
5 |
Drug clearance procedures can be completed on time | 2 |
7 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
0.82 |
0 |
6 |
Provide competitive prices | 0 |
3 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.3 |
0.48 |
0.38 |
7 |
Flexible negotiation of freight | 0 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.2 |
0.42 |
0 |
8 |
Provide exclusive service window | 1 |
5 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.7 |
0.47 |
0.5 |
9 |
When faced with a sudden increase in volume can arrange accommodation | 1 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
3.7 |
0.82 |
0.38 |
10 |
Complaints dealt with promptly | 1 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
3.2 |
0.92 |
0.38 |
11 |
From time to time provide new or changed regulations ordinance | 0 |
1 |
9 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.1 |
0.32 |
0 |
12 |
Establish global locations | 1 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.6 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
13 |
Provide climate and packing consultancy services | 1 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.6 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
14 |
On time delivery | 3 |
6 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.2 |
0.63 |
0.38 |
15 |
Delivery of real-time tracking and response | 0 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
3.1 |
0.74 |
0.38 |
16 |
During the peak season to ensure that accommodation provided without problems | 1 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.6 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
17 |
When the delivery is delayed will report immediately | 0 |
6 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
3.5 |
0.71 |
0.5 |
18 |
When delayed will provide a back-up plan | 0 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
3.3 |
0.82 |
0.5 |
19 |
Providing the best delivery route planning | 1 |
3 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.5 |
0.71 |
0.5 |
Source: this study
Table-9. Importance and satisfaction of mean, standard deviation, and quartile deviation
Importance |
Average |
Determine criteria |
Importance |
Quantity |
(μ) |
μ ≧ 4.5 |
Very Important |
13 |
|
3.5 ≦ μ＜4.5 |
Important |
6 |
||
2.5 ≦ μ＜3.5 |
Common |
0 |
||
1.5 ≦ μ＜2.5 |
Unimportant |
0 |
||
μ＜1.5 |
Very Unimportant |
0 |
||
Standard deviation |
Determine criteria |
Dispersion degree |
Quantity |
|
(σ) |
σ ＞ 1 |
Dispersion degree is big |
0 |
|
σ ＜ 1 |
Dispersion degree is small |
19 |
||
Quartile deviation |
Determine criteria |
Consensus degree |
Quantity |
|
(Q) |
Q ≦ 0.6 |
Consensus degree is high |
19 |
|
1 ≦ Q＜0.6 |
Consensus degree is moderate |
0 |
||
Q＞1 |
Consensus degree is low |
0 |
||
Satisfaction level |
Average |
Determine criteria |
Satisfaction degree |
Quantity |
(μ) |
μ ≧ 4.5 |
Very Satisfied |
0 |
|
3.5 ≦ μ＜4.5 |
Satisfaction |
13 |
||
2.5 ≦ μ＜3.5 |
Common |
6 |
||
1.5 ≦ μ＜2.5 |
Dissatisfied |
0 |
||
μ＜1.5 |
Very dissatisfied |
0 |
||
Standard deviation |
Determine criteria |
Dispersion degree |
Quantity |
|
(σ) |
σ ＞ 1 |
Dispersion degree is big |
0 |
|
σ ＜ 1 |
Dispersion degree is small |
19 |
||
Quartile deviation |
Determine criteria |
Consensus degree |
Quantity |
|
(Q) |
Q ≦ 0.6 |
Consensus degree is high |
19 |
|
1 ≦ Q＜0.6 |
Consensus degree is moderate |
0 |
||
Q＞1 |
Consensus degree is low |
0 |
Source: this study
Two tables of 10 and 11 shown 25 criteria of medicinal products logistics outsourcing client by 10 experts of both importance and satisfaction evaluation results.
On table 12 on mean of importance and satisfaction level of 10 experts to assess 25 criteria. Just one criteria which mean of less than 3.5, up ordinary level are refrigerated transport equipment and warehouses subject to ensure efficient verification, refrigerated trucks have temperature monitoring equipment and alarm devices, storage of goods to ensure the workplace environment clean, has the safe handling of dangerous goods training certificate, mean on four criteria is greater than (or equal to) 4.5, up to the extent of very important; the rest of the criteria also reached important level, experts are considered 19 criteria are important.
In this criteria to provide reliable transport vehicles, transport vehicles and car-shaped lockable control, to ensure that the goods of the deposit of the workplace environment clean, dangerous goods have the expertise and ability to handle, have the ability to transport risk assessment, have the ability to reverse logistics management, can effectively deal with rejection and recalled medicinal products, five criteria to the extent of satisfied; the other 20 the mean value between 2.5 to 3.5, only of ordinary level. All the criteria of standard deviation of the importance and satisfaction are less than 1. Only one criteria of the implementation of efficient transport plan to verify the correct its quartile deviation greater than 0.6. Up to moderate importance are other criteria which quartile deviation less than 0.6. The panels for advice criteria is of still a high degree of consensus. All of the criteria of satisfaction with quartile deviation are less than 0.6, the display between panel comments of having a high degree of consensus.
Table-10. Importance evaluation results by 10 experts
Item number |
Criteria | Frequency distribution |
Majority |
Mean |
Standard deviation |
Quartile deviation |
||||
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
||||||
1 |
In line with GDP / GMP norms of the document management approach, the file must be saved for more than seven years | 3 |
5 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.1 |
0.74 |
0.38 |
2 |
With the implementation of transport efficiency programs to verify the correct | 3 |
4 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
0.82 |
0.75 |
3 |
Provide reliable transport vehicles, transport vehicles for the car-shaped and can be locked control | 4 |
5 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.3 |
0.67 |
0.5 |
4 |
Refrigerated transport and storage facilities subject to ensure efficient verification | 6 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.5 |
0.71 |
0.5 |
5 |
Refrigerated trucks have temperature monitoring equipment and alarm device | 6 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.5 |
0.71 |
0.5 |
6 |
Vehicle regular maintenance specifications | 3 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.3 |
0.48 |
0.38 |
7 |
Refrigerated transport vehicles regularly corrected plan | 2 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.2 |
0.42 |
0 |
8 |
Periodic calibration temperature warehouse transport | 4 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.4 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
9 |
Vehicle cleaning program operating procedures | 3 |
6 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.2 |
0.63 |
0.38 |
10 |
Ensure clean workplace environment of the deposit of the goods | 6 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.6 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
11 |
Provide emergency processing jobs have written procedures | 4 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.4 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
12 |
The expertise and dangerous goods handling capacity | 4 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.4 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
13 |
With high potency/high toxicity of drugs expertise and processing capabilities | 5 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.3 |
0.82 |
0.5 |
14 |
Emerging markets (Southeast Asia) transport route planning with transport risk assessment capabilities | 1 |
3 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.5 |
0.71 |
0.5 |
15 |
With transport risk assessment capabilities | 4 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.2 |
0.79 |
0.5 |
16 |
Possess the GMP/GDP related transport and storage professional knowledge | 3 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.3 |
0.48 |
0.38 |
17 |
With reverse logistics processing capability, can effectively deal with rejection and recalled drugs | 5 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.4 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
18 |
Workers receive the necessary GMP / GDP training and regular training | 2 |
7 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.1 |
0.57 |
0 |
19 |
Obtain oversea partners in protection (RIP) certification | 0 |
4 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.4 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
20 |
Obtain united states trade partnership against terrorism (C-TPAT) certification | 0 |
4 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.8 |
0.63 |
0.38 |
21 |
Obtain authorized economic operator (AEO) certification | 3 |
5 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.1 |
0.74 |
0.38 |
22 |
Obtain Drug GDP blue-chip vendor | 4 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.4 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
23 |
Obtain dangerous goods safety management training certificate | 5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.5 |
0.53 |
0.5 |
24 |
Obtain public transport of dangerous goods professional training certificate | 3 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.3 |
0.48 |
0.38 |
25 |
Workers should accept the high potency/high toxicity safe handling of drugs training | 4 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
4.2 |
0.79 |
0.5 |
Source: this study
Table-11. Satisfaction evaluation results by 10 experts
Item |
Criteria | Frequency distribution |
Majority |
Mean |
Standard deviation |
Quartile deviation |
||||
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
||||||
1 |
In line with GDP / GMP norms of the document management approach, the file must be saved for more than seven years | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
2 |
With the implementation of transport efficiency programs to verify the correct | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
3 |
Provide reliable transport vehicles, transport vehicles for the car-shaped and can be locked Control | 2 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4.2 |
0.42 |
0 |
4 |
Refrigerated transport and storage facilities subject to ensure efficient verification | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
5 |
Refrigerated trucks have temperature monitoring equipment and alarm device | 1 |
0 |
8 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
3.1 |
0.74 |
0 |
6 |
Vehicle regular maintenance specifications | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
7 |
Refrigerated transport vehicles regularly corrected plan | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
8 |
Periodic calibration temperature warehouse transport | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
9 |
Vehicle cleaning program operating procedures | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
10 |
Ensure clean workplace environment of the deposit of the goods | 0 |
5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.5 |
0.53 |
0.5 |
11 |
Provide emergency processing jobs have written procedures | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
12 |
The expertise and dangerous goods handling capacity | 0 |
5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.5 |
0.53 |
0.5 |
13 |
With high potency/high toxicity of drugs expertise and processing capabilities | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
14 |
Emerging markets (Southeast Asia) transport route planning with transport risk assessment capabilities | 0 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.2 |
0.42 |
0 |
15 |
With transport risk assessment capabilities | 1 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.6 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
16 |
Possess the GMP/GDP related transport and storage professional knowledge | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
17 |
With reverse logistics processing capability, can effectively deal with rejection and recalled drugs | 1 |
5 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
3.7 |
0.67 |
0.5 |
18 |
Workers receive the necessary GMP / GDP training and regular training | 0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
19 |
Obtain oversea partners in protection (RIP) certification | 0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
Obtain United States Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) certification | 0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
21 |
Obtain Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) certification | 0 |
3 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.3 |
0.48 |
0.38 |
22 |
Obtain drug GDP blue-chip vendor | 0 |
2 |
7 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
3.1 |
0.57 |
0 |
23 |
Obtain dangerous goods safety management training certificate | 0 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.2 |
0.42 |
0 |
24 |
Obtain public transport of dangerous goods professional training certificate | 0 |
1 |
9 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.1 |
0.32 |
0 |
25 |
Workers should accept the high potency/high toxicity safe handling of drugs Training | 0 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
0.32 |
0 |
Source: this study
Table-12. Mean, standard deviation and quartile deviation of importance and satisfaction
Importance |
Mean (μ) |
Determine criteria |
Importance |
Quantity |
μ≧4.5 |
Very Important |
4 |
||
3.5≦μ＜4.5 |
Important |
20 |
||
2.5≦μ＜3.5 |
Common |
1 |
||
1.5≦μ＜2.5 |
Unimportant |
0 |
||
μ＜1.5 |
Very unimportant |
0 |
||
Standard deviation (σ) |
Determine criteria |
Dispersion degree |
Quantity |
|
σ＞1 |
Dispersion degree is big |
0 |
||
σ＜1 |
Dispersion degree is small |
25 |
||
Quartile deviation (Q) |
Determine criteria |
Consensus degree |
Quantity |
|
Q≦0.6 |
Consensus degree is high |
24 |
||
1≦Q＜0.6 |
Consensus degree is moderate |
1 |
||
Q＞1 |
Consensus degree is low |
0 |
||
Satisfaction |
Mean (μ) |
Determine criteria |
Satisfaction degree |
Quantity |
μ≧4.5 |
Very satisfied |
0 |
||
3.5≦μ＜4.5 |
Satisfaction |
5 |
||
2.5≦μ＜3.5 |
Common |
20 |
||
1.5≦μ＜2.5 |
Dissatisfied |
0 |
||
μ＜1.5 |
Very dissatisfied |
0 |
||
Standard deviation (σ) |
Determine criteria |
Dispersion degree |
Quantity |
|
σ＞1 |
Dispersion degree is big |
0 |
||
σ＜1 |
Dispersion degree is small |
25 |
||
Quartile deviation (Q) |
Determine criteria |
Consensus degree |
Quantity |
|
Q≦0.6 |
Consensus degree is high |
25 |
||
1≦Q＜0.6 |
Consensus degree is moderate |
0 |
||
Q＞1 |
Consensus degree is low
|
Source: this study
The third stage by the mean degree of importance and satisfaction with the standard deviation and quartile deviation survey results show a consistent consensus expert group on the importance and satisfaction. Observed from table 13 to drop in the importance and satisfaction between belonging to very important on 13 criteria, the degree of satisfaction from the 13 criteria that did not very satisfied. Six criteria belonging to important of its corresponding logistics service satisfaction and only if the three criteria of satisfaction and the other three as common.
From Table 14 shown importance and satisfaction survey found four criteria are very important but corresponds one only of satisfaction and remaining three to normal satisfaction. The 20 criteria are important which corresponds only four of the same score satisfied and the remaining 16 satisfaction criteria are all ordinary.
Table-13. Importance of logistics service satisfaction table
Item |
Criteria | Importance |
Service Satisfaction |
||||||||
Majority |
Mean |
Standard deviation |
Quartile deviation |
Majority |
Mean |
Standard deviation |
Quartile deviation |
||||
2 |
Pharmaceutical packaging integrity | 5 |
4.8 |
***** |
0.42 |
0 |
4 |
3.8 |
**** |
0.42 |
0 |
3 |
Drugs are stored at room temperature | 5 |
4.8 |
***** |
0.42 |
0 |
4 |
3.7 |
**** |
0.82 |
0.38 |
4 |
The correctness of the delivery of relevant documents | 5 |
4.8 |
***** |
0.42 |
0 |
4 |
3.9 |
**** |
0.74 |
0.38 |
1 |
Consistency of Delivery | 5 |
4.6 |
***** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
4 |
4 |
**** |
0.47 |
0 |
10 |
Complaints dealt with promptly | 5 |
4.6 |
***** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.2 |
*** |
0.92 |
0.38 |
14 |
On time delivery | 5 |
4.6 |
***** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
4 |
4.2 |
**** |
0.63 |
0.38 |
15 |
Delivery of real-time tracking and response | 5 |
4.6 |
***** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.1 |
*** |
0.74 |
0.38 |
16 |
During the peak season to ensure that accommodation provided without problems | 5 |
4.6 |
***** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.6 |
**** |
0.7 |
0.5 |
19 |
Providing the best delivery route planning | 5 |
4.6 |
***** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.5 |
**** |
0.71 |
0.5 |
5 |
Drug clearance procedures can be completed on time | 4 |
4.5 |
***** |
0.53 |
0.5 |
4 |
4 |
**** |
0.82 |
0 |
9 |
When faced with a sudden increase in volume can arrange accommodation | 5 |
4.5 |
***** |
0.53 |
0.5 |
4 |
3.7 |
**** |
0.82 |
0.38 |
17 |
When the delivery is delayed will report immediately | 5 |
4.5 |
***** |
0.53 |
0.5 |
4 |
3.5 |
**** |
0.71 |
0.5 |
18 |
When delayed will provide a back-up plan | 5 |
4.5 |
***** |
0.53 |
0.5 |
4 |
3.3 |
*** |
0.82 |
0.5 |
8 |
Provide exclusive service window | 4 |
4.2 |
**** |
0.63 |
0.38 |
4 |
3.7 |
**** |
0.67 |
0.5 |
13 |
Provide climate and packing consultancy services | 4 |
4.1 |
**** |
0.57 |
0 |
3 |
3.6 |
**** |
0.7 |
0.5 |
12 |
Establish global locations | 4 |
4 |
**** |
0.67 |
0 |
3 |
3.6 |
**** |
0.7 |
0.5 |
6 |
Provide competitive prices | 4 |
3.9 |
**** |
0.57 |
0 |
3 |
3.3 |
*** |
0.48 |
0.38 |
7 |
Flexible negotiation of freight | 4 |
3.9 |
**** |
0.57 |
0 |
3 |
3.2 |
*** |
0.42 |
0 |
11 |
From time to time provide new or changed regulations ordinance | 4 |
3.8 |
**** |
0.79 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.1 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
Source: this study
***** Very Important & Very Satisfied
**** Important & satisfied
*** Common & Common
** Unimportant & Unsatisfied
* Very unimportant & Very unsatisfied
Table-14. Importance and satisfaction survey
Item |
Criteria | Importance |
Logistics service Satisfaction |
||||||||
Majority |
Mean |
Standard deviation |
Quartile deviation |
Majority |
Mean |
Standard deviation |
Quartile deviation |
||||
10 |
Ensure clean workplace environment of the deposit of the goods | 5 |
4.6 |
***** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.5 |
**** |
0.53 |
0.5 |
4 |
Refrigerated transport and storage facilities subject to ensure efficient verification | 5 |
4.5 |
***** |
0.71 |
0.5 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
5 |
Refrigerated trucks have temperature monitoring equipment and alarm device | 5 |
4.5 |
***** |
0.71 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.1 |
*** |
0.74 |
0 |
23 |
Obtain dangerous goods safety management training certificate | 5 |
4.5 |
***** |
0.53 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.2 |
*** |
0.42 |
0 |
8 |
Periodic calibration temperature warehouse transport | 4 |
4.4 |
**** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
11 |
Provide emergency processing jobs have written procedures | 4 |
4.4 |
**** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
12 |
The expertise and dangerous goods handling capacity | 4 |
4.4 |
**** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
4 |
3.5 |
**** |
0.53 |
0.5 |
17 |
With reverse logistics processing capability, can effectively deal with rejection and recalled drugs | 5 |
4.4 |
**** |
0.7 |
0.5 |
4 |
3.7 |
**** |
0.67 |
0.5 |
22 |
Obtain GDP blue-chip vendor | 4 |
4.4 |
**** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.1 |
*** |
0.57 |
0 |
3 |
Provide reliable transport vehicles, transport vehicles for the car-shaped and can be locked control | 4 |
4.3 |
**** |
0.67 |
0.5 |
4 |
4.2 |
**** |
0.42 |
0 |
6 |
Vehicle regular maintenance specifications | 4 |
4.3 |
**** |
0.48 |
0.38 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
13 |
With high potency/high toxicity of drugs expertise and processing capabilities | 5 |
4.3 |
**** |
0.82 |
0.5 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
16 |
Possess the GMP/GDP related transport and storage professional knowledge | 4 |
4.3 |
**** |
0.48 |
0.38 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
24 |
Obtain public transport of dangerous goods professional training certificate | 4 |
4.3 |
**** |
0.48 |
0.38 |
3 |
3.1 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
7 |
Refrigerated transport vehicles regularly corrected plan | 4 |
4.2 |
**** |
0.42 |
0 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
9 |
Vehicle cleaning program operating procedures | 5 |
4.2 |
**** |
0.63 |
0.38 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0.5 |
15 |
With transport risk assessment capabilities | 5 |
4.2 |
**** |
0.79 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.6 |
**** |
0.7 |
0 |
25 |
Workers should accept the high potency/high toxicity safe handling of drugs training | 5 |
4.2 |
**** |
0.79 |
0.5 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
1 |
In line with GDP / GMP norms of the document management approach, the file must be saved for more than seven years | 4 |
4.1 |
**** |
0.74 |
0.38 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
18 |
Workers receive the necessary GMP / GDP training and regular training | 4 |
4.1 |
**** |
0.57 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
*** |
0 |
0 |
21 |
Obtain authorized economic operator (AEO) certification | 4 |
4.1 |
*** |
0.74 |
0.38 |
3 |
3.3 |
*** |
0.48 |
0.38 |
2 |
With the implementation of transport efficiency programs to verify the correct | 4 |
4 |
**** |
0.82 |
0.75 |
3 |
2.9 |
*** |
0.32 |
0 |
20 |
Obtain United States Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) certification | 4 |
3.8 |
**** |
0.63 |
0.38 |
3 |
3 |
*** |
0 |
0 |
14 |
Emerging markets (Southeast Asia) transport route planning with transport risk assessment capabilities | 3 |
3.5 |
**** |
0.71 |
0.5 |
3 |
3.2 |
*** |
0.42 |
0 |
19 |
Obtain oversea partners in protection (RIP) certification | 3 |
3.4 |
*** |
0.52 |
0.5 |
3 |
3 |
*** |
0 |
0 |
Source: this study
5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1. Interpretations of Finding
This study investigated the logistics services provided by the international logistics providers, formulation optimization of transport logistics outsourcing logistics service criteria set managers, the validity of an expert to find the logistics customized logistics service criteria of pharmaceutical raw materials so that participation in transport activities in the people, processes, files, and device management requirements to follow criteria to promote compliance with the medicinal products delivery of pharmaceutical distribution specification. International logistics provider offers medicinal products transport and storage is as a general commodity distribution and storage this mode of operation hidden many of the risks such as pharmaceutical quality changes, medicinal products packaging damage, cargo loss and other risks. Logistics industry should understand GDP specifications and have a more positive response and support. Since the international logistics service provider configuration perspective when the degree of importance and satisfaction in the survey found that the group of experts agreed that the 19 criteria are very important. According to 13 service satisfaction results in the criteria of the logistics industry that has not been very satisfied by client. Six criteria belonging to important of its corresponding logistics service satisfaction only receive satisfaction and normal in this criteria of the international logistics industry still further enhance their ability to communicate and services and those who need. The criteria based on GDP specifications and customer needs arising from the criteria, the criteria for the pharmaceutical industry of customized, on the degree of importance and logistics service satisfaction survey found that there are four criteria the level of importance as very important corresponds the logistics service satisfaction.
There are 20 criteria for the level of importance as important, which corresponds to the logistics service satisfaction, four reached only satisfactory, the remaining 16 as ordinary. Therefore, logistics industry to provide implementation of the marketing concept of GDP to take the initiative to provide attention GDP norms that demand-side and supply-side consistency awareness in order to achieve the best services. Expert review after the second stage the development of two levels providing the logistics industry service criteria and outsourcing customized logistics service criteria. The third stage of importance and satisfaction surveys to provide logistics industry service criteria. There are 13 criteria as very important which corresponds to service satisfaction is ordinary. There are six criteria belonging to important which corresponds to the degree of satisfaction is ordinary. The findings shown importance and satisfaction is there is a gap of. The four criteria of importance shown as very important which corresponds to the logistics service satisfaction, only one of satisfaction and the remaining three to ordinary. There are 20 criteria for its the degree of importance as important, which corresponds to the logistics service satisfaction only four reached only satisfactory and the remaining 16 as ordinary. Observed logistics providers lack of GDP norm concept resulting in services on the demand difference.
5.2 Managerial Implications
The pharmaceutical industry is required to adapt to the rapidly changing market to respond quickly to fight aging and the rapid introduction of products in order to win business opportunities, so the selection of professional and competitive logistics industry. The logistics service value of air cargo logistics provider (ACLP) affects the outsourcing firm’s logistics perception, consequent behavior and partnership selection. The importance of these logistics criteria has led to a growing body of research to define essential characteristics of service value (Meng, 2014). In addition to guarantee a good quality is vital to the human health and life safety from the factory to the circulation of any link does not allow errors. Pharmaceutical logistics management should cover the complete product life cycle. In order to protect the quality and efficacy, should follow each link has its criteria such as manufacturing follow pharmaceutical good manufacturing practice follow good medicinal products stored jobs, logistics and transport medicinal products to follow good distribution practice. Export business throughout oversea belong to the high price of medicinal products and having the time delivery limit and restrictions to preserve the environment so the international transport become the main mode. Meng et al. (2010
) proved that the service criteria of air cargo logistics providers (ACLP) affect the outsourcing firm’s logistics perception, consequent behavior and partnership selection. Medicinal products storage and transportation process in global distribution, product quality by external environmental factors of risk increases, and therefore cannot ensure the quality and consistency of medicinal products for human use manufactured when, the pharmaceutical manufacturer to arrange transport plan must consider more factors. Pharmaceutical product in the logistics process any little mistake such as damage to cargo and delays in delivery time on the shipping process often accompanied by customer complaints and customer claims resulting in loss of business and reputation on the financial.
Taiwan government already announced the GDP draft in 2014 but the entire domestic physical distribution correlation entrepreneur, international logistics industry lacks this GDP standard concept in Taiwan. This paper suggests that international transport procedure is complex and difficult to control, which increases the risk of the drugs transportation; the government should integrate the international logistics industry as the GDP counseling subjects to force international logistics industry to plan the work flow early or to build the associated hardware and software equipment to improve the overall quality of international transport to expanding competitiveness. In this study, through data collection experience and GDP aggregate specification expert group build a set of logistics service criteria for the pharmaceutical industry in the logistics criteria to provide international logistics industry into the pharmacy industry to shorten or reduce the barriers to entering current international medicinal products market to create high profit competitive environment.
| Funding: This study received no specific financial support. |
| Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. |
| Contributors/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. |
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