Abstract
This paper aims to scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural policy implementation in An Giang and Vinh Long provinces in Vietnam, two localities with different production characteristics but playing an important role in the agrarian structure of the Mekong Delta region. The research objective is not only to measure the effectiveness of policies but also to identify the factors determining the differences in government policy implementation. The research design combines a quantitative survey of 400 farmer households with qualitative analysis from expert interviews to ensure the multidimensionality of the data. The Sustainable Equation Modeling was used to examine the structural relationships between variables and assess the suitability of the scale and model. The analysis results showed four groups of factors significantly impacting implementation effectiveness: the governance capacity of local authorities; the adequacy of resources and supporting infrastructure; farmer participation; and monitoring and feedback mechanisms. In this context, local governance is a strong factor, reflecting the role of the implementation apparatus in transforming policy objectives into concrete results. The practical implications of the study suggest that strengthening management capacity, consolidating production infrastructure, establishing a two-way feedback mechanism, and expanding citizen participation are necessary to improve the effectiveness of agricultural policy implementation in the future.